Best-of-breed Using separate specialized tools for different tasks (sourcing, contracts, analytics) rather than one suite.
Platform / ERP A single large system that tries to do everything — like using one app for email, calendar, and documents.
Data layer An invisible middle layer that connects separate tools so they share the same supplier names, IDs, and spend numbers.
AI readiness Whether your data is organized well enough for AI tools to process it without errors or contradictions.
Mean time to resolution How long it takes to fix a problem once someone notices it — longer sprawl means slower fixes.
Governed data Data with clear rules for who can change it, how it's formatted, and which system is the official source of truth.