Hard Savings Actual reduction in current spend — visible on the P&L. Like a price cut from $100K to $90K. Finance can validate this by comparing actual spend to budget. This is what counts.
Cost Avoidance Preventing a future price increase — real value protected, but invisible on current P&L. Like locking in prices to avoid a planned 8% increase. Track separately, never mix with hard savings.
Maverick Spend Buying outside approved contracts. Like using an old supplier at old prices after negotiating a new deal. 10-20% of savings vanish here. The control: contract-to-PO price validation.
Stage Four The highest maturity level for savings tracking. Organizations at Stage Four co-define methodology with finance upfront, track contract-to-invoice in real time, and report savings types separately.